Inclusion Criteria:

• * BMI 26-45 kg/m2
• * Weight stable (± 10 lbs in previous 3 months)
• * Fasting blood glucose \<126 mg/dL or HbA1c \<6.5% (\<48mmol/mol)

Exclusion Criteria:

• * Regular moderate-vigorous exercise (≥30 min/session on ≥2 days per week)
• * Pregnancy, planning to become pregnant or nursing
• * Lidocaine allergy
• * Current or recent smoking or nicotine use (≤ 1-year abstention)
• * Medications including glucose lowering medications and supplements (SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP1 agonists, sulfonylurea, insulin, TZDs); mono-amine oxidase inhibitors; beta-blockers; diuretics
• * Major metabolic or cardiovascular conditions (e.g., type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, untreated hypo- or hyperthyroid, cancer, coronary artery disease, tachycardia, prior bariatric surgery, peripheral vascular disease, liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis)
• * Diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In absence of diagnosis, two separate samples with test results of fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol).
• * Contraindications/precautions for empagliflozin (impaired renal function (EGR\<60), history of: empagliflozin hypersensitivity, ketoacidosis, hypotension, recurring urinary tract or genital mycotic infections, amputation)