Inclusion Criteria:

• * Males and non-pregnant, non-lactating pre-menopausal females
• * BMI 30-40 kg/m2
• * Fasting blood glucose (without blood glucose-lowering drug) between 100-125 mg/dL
• * Plasma total cholesterol ≤ 250 mg/dL, plasma triglyceride level ≤ 250 mg/Dl
• * Age 30-50 years
• * Weight stable over the last 3 months (\< 2% body weight change)
• * Sedentary and stable physical activity regimen 3 months prior (≤3 h/wk of moderate or high intensity exercise, resistance or aerobic training)
• * Medication use stable for 6 months prior, and not include anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen, aspirin)
• * Not taking a carotenoid-containing or metabolism-altering supplement for the last 1 month, or have autoimmune diseases, and other malabsorptive disorders (including Crohn's, ileus or ulcerative colitis), liver or kidney insufficiency, allergies to tomatoes
• * No current special diets or nutrient supplements, pre- or probiotics (\~3 months)
• * No tobacco smoking
• * Limited consumption of alcoholic beverages ≤ 1/d
• * No frequent habitual consumption of salmon or other astaxanthin-rich foods.

Exclusion Criteria:

• * Pregnant, lactating, or menopausal females
• * BMI \< 30 or \>40 kg/m2
• * Fasting blood glucose \<100 or \>125 mg/dL; or taking blood glucose lowering medication
• * Plasma total cholesterol \>250 mg/dL, plasma triglyceride level \>250 mg/Dl
• * Age \<30 or \>50 years
• * 2% body weight change over the last 3 months
• * \>3 h/wk of moderate or high intensity exercise, resistance or aerobic training for the 3 months prior
• * Changing medications in the past 6 months
• * Taking anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen, aspirin), carotenoid-containing or metabolism-altering supplements (for the last 1 month), or have autoimmune diseases, and other malabsorptive disorders (including Crohn's, ileus or ulcerative colitis), liver or kidney insufficiency, or allergies to tomatoes
• * Currently on a special diet or taking nutrient supplements, pre- or probiotics (\~3 months)
• * Tobacco smoking
• * \>1/d consumption of alcoholic beverages
• * Frequent habitual consumption of salmon or other astaxanthin-rich foods.