Inclusion Criteria:

• 1. generally healthy
• 2. 18-21 years of age
• 3. never smoked a full cigarette or used an equivalent amount of other nicotine or tobacco products
• 4. no tobacco exposure in the past 3 years
• 5. expired air CO level ≤ 3 ppm
• 6. corroboration of non-smoking status from 2 collateral reporters
• 7. breath alcohol value = 0.000

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. use of illegal drugs as measured by urine drug screen
• 2. reported history of illicit drug use \> 10 times lifetime
• 3. lifetime history of alcohol use disorder
• 4. binge drinking \> 5 times per month over the past 3 months
• 5. history of serious mental illness including bipolar or psychotic disorders
• 6. significant medical or unstable psychiatric disorders
• 7. systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg
• 8. heart rate ≥ 100 bpm
• 9. use of psychoactive medications (e.g., antidepressants, opioid analgesics, etc.) in the past 6 months
• 10. presence of conditions that would make fMRI unsafe (e.g., pacemaker)
• 11. brain abnormality (including but not limited to stroke, brain tumor, and seizure disorder)
• 12. history of serious traumatic brain injury
• 13. claustrophobia
• 14. lack of firm resolve to refrain from cigarette, e-cigarette or other tobacco use in the coming year
• 15. pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding
• 16. inability to understand written and/or spoken English language
• 17. inability to attend all experimental sessions