Inclusion Criteria:

• 1. Responding greater than 3 months to "How long has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you?"
• 2. Responding 'at least half the days' to "How often has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past 6 months?"
• Investigators will follow recommendations to items and responses provided by the NIH Task Force on Research Standards for Chronic Low Back Pain, which specifically: "recommended 2 questions to achieve the definition of chronic low back pain: (1) How long has back pain been an ongoing problem for you? (2) How often has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past 6 months? A response of greater than 3 months to question 1 and a response of 'at least half the days in the past 6 months' to question 2 would define chronic lower back pain."

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. History of seizures.
• 2. Planning pain-related surgery in the next 9 months.
• 3. Individuals with implanted medical devices that could experience interference during EEG and/or ECG, such as a spinal cord stimulator or pacemaker.
• 4. Lower back pain is associated with compensation or litigation issues.
• 5. Rating of past week pain intensity\<4 on 0-10 point scale.
• 6. Rating of past week pain interference\<4 on 0-10 point scale.