Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- * CKD patients classified as Stage 3 and 4 of National Kidney Foundation Classification with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 15 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula based on serum creatinine, age, gender, and race.
- * Men and women 35 to 75 years of age
Exclusion Criteria:
- * myocardial infarction
- * heart failure
- * anemia (hemoglobin \<8 g/dl)
- * cancer with current treatment
- * previous organ transplantation
- * immunosuppressant therapy
- * human immunodeficiency virus infection
- * pregnancy and/or lactating
- * current tobacco use
- * taking menopausal drugs (estradiol)
- * treatment for diabetic neuropathy
- * resting heart rate ≥ 100 bpm and
- * systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg
Ages Eligible for Study:
35 Years to 75 Years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
Sexes Eligible for Study: ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
No