Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- * Adult patients (≥ 18 years old) admitted to the medical or surgical ICU.
- * Patients who require fluid administration for suspicion of hypovolemia or indicated for volume expansion due to any one of the following: hypotension (systolic blood pressure \< 90 mm Hg or mean arterial pressure \< 65 mm Hg), tachycardia (heart rate \> 100 beats per min), blood lactate \> 2.0 mmol/L, skin mottling, oliguria (urine output \< 30 ml/hr), or requiring vasopressor/inotrope support.
- * Patients who are able to tolerate the Trendelenburg position.
Exclusion Criteria:
- * Pregnancy.
- * Prisoners and institutionalized patients.
- * Patients who are not able to tolerate the Trendelenburg position. This includes patients with increased intra-cranial hypertension, intra-abdominal hypertension and gastric retention which places a risk for stomach fluid aspiration.
- * Unsatisfactory cardiac echogenicity (an inability to correctly align the Doppler beam to generate reliable VTI measurements at the left ventricular outflow tract \[LVOT\]).
Ages Eligible for Study:
18 Years to N/A (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
Sexes Eligible for Study: ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
No