Inclusion Criteria:

• * Age ≥18 years
• * Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) in place
• * Presumed CIED infection, as defined by:
• 1. Positive blood culture (two or more positive blood cultures for typical skin organisms (coagulase-negative staphylococci, Corynebacterium species, Propionobacterium species), or one positive blood culture for all other microorganisms), with no other source identified to explain the bacteremia
• 2. Cases with definite evidence of pocket infection (defined as localized erythema, swelling, pain, tenderness, warmth, erosion, or drainage), if treated with antibiotics before culture, even with negative culture, will be considered device infection

Exclusion Criteria:

• * Patients who are inappropriate for device extraction, for example those who are DNAR and not using therapy to prolong survival because any procedure is considered inappropriate and/or it is unlikely that extraction would change overall prognosis
• * Death within one week of definitive CIED systemic infection diagnosis or positive blood culture. Cases of bacteremia originating from a source other than the CIED that resolve without any evidence of CIED involvement should not be considered as CIED infection
• * Patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs)