Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- 1. Age between 4;0 and 9;11 (years;months) at enrollment, based on parent report.
- 2. From homes where the primary language spoken is English, based on parent report.
- 3. Verbal output (50+ words) and communicative intent, as determined by the clinician and parent report.
- 4. Speech sound disorder, as determined by a score \<16th percentile on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP) Articulation Assessment (Dodd et al., 2006) and/or the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (Goldman \& Fristoe, 2015).
- 5. CAS as a primary speech diagnosis, based on the following criteria:
- 1. An average rating \> 1 across three expert speech-language pathologists (SLPs), who will independently rate presence of CAS in children live or from video recordings of the assessment using a 3-point scale (0 = no CAS, 1 = possible CAS, 2 = CAS). These judgments will be based on perceptual speech features of CAS (inconsistent vowel and consonant errors, difficulties achieving and transitioning into articulatory configurations, abnormal prosody).
- 2. An Apraxia Score of 1 or 2 on a Maximum Performance protocol in which they sustain vowels and fricatives as long as possible and repeat syllables as fast as possible (Rvachew et al., 2005; Thoonen et al., 1999).
- 6. Normal hearing based on parent report or passing a standard pure-tone audiometry hearing screening at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz (ASHA, 1997).
- 7. Typical nonverbal cognition as determined by a T-score within 1.5 standard deviation (SD) of the mean on nonverbal subtests of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (Reynolds \& Kamphaus, 2003).
Exclusion Criteria:
- 1. Diagnosis of disorder that significantly affects communication and/or social interactions (e.g., autism), as per referral diagnosis.
- 2. Uncorrected vision impairments that may interfere with ability to process visual cues used in treatment, as per parent report.
- 3. Significant impairments of oral structure (e.g., cleft palate) as judged by the SLP based on an oral mechanism exam (Robbins \& Klee, 1987).
- 4. A primary diagnosis of dysarthria, as judged by the SLP.
- 5. Unrelated health concerns that prevent children from participating, per parent report.
- 6. Inability to meet toileting needs independently or separate from parent for a full day (as needed for camp), based on parent report.
Ages Eligible for Study:
4 Years to 9 Years (CHILD)
Sexes Eligible for Study: ALL
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Yes