What are the symptoms, causes, and treatments for colon cancer?

Colon cancer is a significant area of concern in oncology, given the widespread prevalence and serious health impacts. The symptoms associated with colon cancer can vary widely, but they often include persistent pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and abnormal lumps or growths. Depending on the type of cancer, other specific symptoms such as blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits, and persistent coughing may also be observed. One of the primary causes of colon cancer is genetic mutations, either inherited or acquired over time due to exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, radiation, or environmental pollutants. Lifestyle factors like diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption can also contribute to cancer development. In some cases, infections such as HPV or hepatitis are known to increase cancer risk. Treatment options for colon cancer typically include surgery to remove cancerous tissue, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and newer approaches like targeted therapy and immunotherapy. These treatments aim to either eliminate the cancer, control its spread, or relieve symptoms. Participation in clinical trials is another important option for patients seeking innovative therapies, offering access to experimental treatments that could lead to improved outcomes. Advances in early detection and treatment are continually improving the survival rates for many cancer types.